Full Wave Rectifier Project Class 12 PDF Free Download
If you are looking for a simple and interesting physics project for class 12, then you might want to try this one. In this project, you will learn how to construct a full wave rectifier and show that it can convert alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC). You will also learn about the working principle, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and uses of a full wave rectifier. This project is suitable for CBSE board physics practical exam and you can download the PDF report for free from here .
Introduction
A full wave rectifier is a device that converts the complete cycle of AC into pulsating DC. Unlike a half wave rectifier that uses only half of the AC cycle, a full wave rectifier uses both halves of the AC cycle. This makes it more efficient and smoother than a half wave rectifier. A full wave rectifier is an essential component in many electronic devices that require DC power supply, such as TVs, radios, chargers, LEDs, etc.
full wave rectifier project class 12 pdf free download
The objectives of this project are:
To understand the concept and working principle of a full wave rectifier.
To construct a full wave rectifier using a centre tapped transformer and two diodes.
To measure the output voltage and current of the rectifier using a voltmeter and an ammeter.
To compare the results with the theoretical values and verify the performance of the rectifier.
To learn about the advantages, disadvantages, applications, and uses of a full wave rectifier.
The benefits of this project are:
To develop practical skills and hands-on experience in electronics.
To enhance creativity and problem-solving abilities.
To gain knowledge and interest in physics and engineering.
To prepare for CBSE board physics practical exam.
Materials Required
The materials required for this project are:
Connecting wires
A plug
Single lead wire - 2m
3 nuts & bolts 2 to 3 cm length
Circuit board
A transformer
A capacitor
A resistor (1 K)
P-N junction diodes
A LED
Insulation tape, blades, soldering wax, soldering lead, soldering iron & sand paper.
Circuit Diagram
The circuit diagram of the full wave rectifier is shown below:
The circuit consists of a step-down transformer that reduces the high voltage AC into low voltage AC. The secondary winding of the transformer is centre tapped and connected to two diodes D1 and D2. The output voltage is obtained across the load resistor RL. A capacitor C is connected in parallel to the load resistor to filter out the ripples in the output. A LED is also connected in series with the load resistor to indicate the presence of output current.
Working Principle Working Principle
The working principle of the full wave rectifier is based on the forward and reverse biasing of the diodes. When the AC input voltage is positive, the diode D1 is forward biased and the diode D2 is reverse biased. The current flows through D1, RL, and C, and the output voltage is equal to the input voltage minus the voltage drop across D1. When the AC input voltage is negative, the diode D2 is forward biased and the diode D1 is reverse biased. The current flows through D2, RL, and C, and the output voltage is equal to the input voltage minus the voltage drop across D2. Thus, in both halves of the AC cycle, the output voltage is positive and pulsating. The capacitor C acts as a filter and smooths out the ripples in the output. The LED glows when the output current is present.
Output and Results
To measure the output voltage and current of the rectifier, we need to connect a voltmeter and an ammeter in parallel and series with the load resistor respectively. The table below shows the sample readings of the input and output voltages and currents for different values of load resistance.
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RL (ohm)
Vi (V)
Ii (mA)
Vo (V)
Io (mA)
1000
12.0
10.0
10.6
9.4
500
12.0
20.0
9.8
17.6
250
12.0
40.0
8.4
30.4
100
12.0
100.0
6.2
56.0
Table 1: Sample readings of input and output voltages and currents.
[assistant](#graphic_art("a table showing input and output voltages and currents")) a table showing input and output voltages and currents [assistant](#inner_monologue) Deliberating actions for generating my response: - I use `graphic_art` to create a graphical representation of the table data. - I use HTML tags to format the table and add a caption. - I use a simple and clear style to describe the table. [assistant](#message) The graph below shows the variation of input and output voltages and currents with respect to load resistance.
The graph shows that as the load resistance decreases, the input voltage remains constant, but the input current increases. The output voltage decreases, but the output current increases. This is because the power loss in the rectifier increases as the load resistance decreases.
Advantages and Disadvantages Conclusion
In this project, we have learned how to construct a full wave rectifier and show that it can convert AC into DC. We have also learned about the working principle, advantages, disadvantages, applications, and uses of a full wave rectifier. We have measured the output voltage and current of the rectifier and compared them with the theoretical values. We have verified the performance of the rectifier and observed the effects of load resistance and filter capacitor on the output. We have also seen how a full wave rectifier is an essential component in many electronic devices that require DC power supply.
This project has helped us to develop practical skills and hands-on experience in electronics. It has also enhanced our creativity and problem-solving abilities. It has also gained our knowledge and interest in physics and engineering. It has also prepared us for CBSE board physics practical exam.
We hope you have enjoyed this project and learned something new from it. If you have any questions or feedback, please feel free to contact us. You can also download the PDF report of this project for free from here . Thank you for your time and attention.
FAQs
Here are some frequently asked questions and answers about this project:
Q1: What is the difference between a full wave rectifier and a bridge rectifier?
A1: A full wave rectifier uses a centre tapped transformer and two diodes, while a bridge rectifier uses four diodes without a centre tapped transformer. A bridge rectifier has a higher output voltage and efficiency than a full wave rectifier, but it also has a higher voltage drop and cost.
Q2: What is the formula for calculating the output voltage of a full wave rectifier?
A2: The formula for calculating the output voltage of a full wave rectifier is:
Vo = Vm - 2Vd
where Vo is the output voltage, Vm is the peak value of the input voltage, and Vd is the voltage drop across each diode.
Q3: What is the ripple factor of a full wave rectifier?
A3: The ripple factor of a full wave rectifier is a measure of the amount of ripples or fluctuations in the output voltage. It is defined as the ratio of the root mean square (RMS) value of the AC component to the DC component of the output voltage. The ripple factor of a full wave rectifier is given by:
r = 1 / (43)
The lower the ripple factor, the smoother the output voltage.
Q4: How can we improve the performance of a full wave rectifier?
A4: We can improve the performance of a full wave rectifier by using some methods, such as:
Using low resistance and high efficiency diodes to reduce the voltage drop and power loss.
Using a suitable filter capacitor to smooth out the ripples and increase the DC component of the output voltage.
Using a voltage regulator to maintain a constant output voltage regardless of load variations.
Using a heat sink to dissipate the heat generated by the diodes and prevent overheating.
Q5: What are some challenges or difficulties that you faced while doing this project?
A5: Some challenges or difficulties that we faced while doing this project are:
Finding and arranging all the materials required for the project.
Making accurate and neat connections and soldering on the circuit board.
Troubleshooting any errors or faults in the circuit or components.
Taking precise and consistent readings of input and output voltages and currents.
Analyzing and interpreting the results and comparing them with theoretical values.
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